Back الحرب الأهلية السريلانكية Arabic শ্ৰীলংকাৰ অসামৰিক যুদ্ধ Assamese Şri-Lankada vətəndaş müharibəsi Azerbaijani Гражданска война в Шри Ланка Bulgarian শ্রীলংকার গৃহযুদ্ধ Bengali/Bangla Guerra Civil de Sri Lanka Catalan شەڕی ناوخۆیی سریلانکا CKB Občanská válka na Srí Lance Czech Borgerkrigen i Sri Lanka Danish Bürgerkrieg in Sri Lanka German

Sri Lankan Civil War

Sri Lankan Civil War
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධය
இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர்
Part of the Cold War, spillover into the 1987–1989 JVP insurrection

[Red] The area of Sri Lanka claimed by the LTTE as Tamil Eelam, where almost all of the fighting took place
Date23 July 1983 – 19 May 2009[22][23]
(25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Sri Lanka
Result

Sri Lankan victory

Territorial
changes		 Government regains total control of former LTTE-controlled areas in the North and East of the country and Tamil Eelam gets reincorporated into Sri Lanka.
Belligerents
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
India India (1987–1990)
Military Support
Arms Supply
Intel and Arms supply

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Training
Arms supply
Commanders and leaders
Sri Lanka J. R. Jayewardene (1983–1989)
Sri Lanka Ranasinghe Premadasa † (1989–1993)
Sri Lanka D. B. Wijetunga (1993–1994)
Sri Lanka Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005)
Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–2009)
India R. Venkataraman (1987–1989)
India Rajiv Gandhi † (1987–1989)
India V. P. Singh (1989–1990)

V. Prabhakaran † (1983–2009)
Uma Maheswaran † (1983–1989)

Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy † (1982–2006)
Strength

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Armed Forces:
95,000 (2001)
118,000 (2002)
158,000 (2003)
151,000 (2004)
111,000 (2005)
150,900 (2006)[24]
210,000 (2008)[citation needed]

India Indian Peace Keeping Force:
100,000 (peak)		 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(excluding Auxiliary forces):
6,000 (2001)
7,000 (2003)
18,000 (2004)[24][25]
11,000 (2005)[26]
8,000 (2006)
15,000 (2007)[24][27]
(including Auxiliary forces):
25,000 (2006)
30,000 (2008)[28]
Casualties and losses
  • 27,000 killed[36][37][38][39]
    11,644 prisoner of war[40]

    • Estimates of death toll:

    • 1983-2001: 78,363 Tamil civilians killed: 53,132 killed + 25,231 disappeared forever (TCHR, 2004) [41]
    • 2002-2008 Dec: 4,867 Tamil civilians killed: 3,545 killed + 1,322 disappeared forever (NESHOR)[42]
    • 1983–2009: At least 100,000 killed[43][44][45]
    • 1983–2009: 80,000–100,000 killed (UN, 2009)[46][47]
    • 1983–2006: 70,000 killed[48][49]
    • 2008–2009: 40,000 Tamil civilians killed (UN, 2011)[50][51][52][53]
    • 2008–2009: 146,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted[54][55][53][56]
    • 2009 Jan-May: 169,796 Tamil civilians killed (ITJP, 2021) [57]
    • 2008–2009: 70,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted (UN, 2012)[58][59][60]
    • Throughout war: 3,700 - 4,100 civilians of all ethnicities killed by LTTE in attacks.[61]
    • 800,000 displaced at peak in 2001[62]
    16 May 2009: Sri Lankan Government declared a military defeat of LTTE.[63]
    17 May 2009: LTTE admit defeat by Sri Lankan Government.[64]
    19 May 2009: President Mahinda Rajapaksa officially declares end of civil war in parliament.

    The Sri Lankan Civil War (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිවිල් යුද්ධය, romanized: śrī laṁkāvē sivil yuddhaya; Tamil: இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர், romanized: Ilaṅkai uḷnāṭṭup pōr) was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, it was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers) led by Velupillai Prabhakaran. The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka government.[65][66][67]

    Violent persecution erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms, as well as the 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library. These were carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from the British Empire in 1948.[68] Shortly after gaining independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the sole official language of the nation.[69] After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, bringing the civil war to an end.[23]

    Up to 70,000 had been killed by 2007.[70][71][72] Immediately following the end of war, on 20 May 2009, the UN estimated a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths.[73][46][74] However, in 2011, referring to the final phase of the war in 2009, the Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka stated, "A number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths."[75] The Sri Lankan government has repeatedly refused an independent, international investigation to ascertain the full impact of the war,[76][77] with some reports claiming that government forces were raping and torturing Tamils involved in collating deaths and disappearances.[78][79]

    Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating human rights as a result of committing war crimes through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the abduction and massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils and sexual violence.[80][81][82] The LTTE gained notoriety for carrying out numerous attacks against civilians of all ethnicities, particularly those of Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslim ethnicity, using child soldiers, assassinations of politicians and dissenters, and the use of suicide bombings against military, political and civilian targets.[83]

    1. ^ "Israels War Crimes In Sri Lanka against Tamil Civilans". 27 June 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    2. ^ "How China Won Sri Lankas Civil War". 23 May 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
    3. ^ "The Countries which funded Sri Lanka". 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    4. ^ "Britain's Private Army operating in Sri Lanka earning millions". 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    5. ^ "Ukrainian and Israeli Pilots operating war planes in Sri Lanka". 1997. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    6. ^ "Sri Lanka's Faustian bargain with Pakistan: Exit LTTE, enter ISI". Business Today. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
    7. ^ "Pakistan played a key role in LTTE defeat".
    8. ^ "Pakistan airforce pilots played key role in Sri Lankan victory".
    9. ^ "Israels major role in Sri Lankas War". 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    10. ^ "Britain sold Arms during the final stages of the conflict". 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    11. ^ "Page 75 onwards lists the 10 EU countries which supplied weapons to Sri Lanka. Spain being the only country were the true details of how the money was spent is still a mystery". 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    12. ^ "Slovakia Sells Arms to Sri Lanka despite being in violation of EU Law". 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    13. ^ "Bulgaria stops selling arms to Sri Lanka after humanitarian crisis unfolds". 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
    14. ^ "Have a personal rapport with the late Palestinian President, Yasser Arafat". 11 January 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
    15. ^ "Mapping Militant Organisations EROS and the PLO". 7 August 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
    16. ^ "We took Tea as a symbol for the Palestinians". 7 August 2002. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
    17. ^ "The Untold Story". 7 August 2002. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
    18. ^ "'China was the principal arms supplier to LTTE'". 16 May 2012.
    19. ^ "The story of a North Korea-backed rebellion in Sri Lanka". 10 October 2017.
    20. ^ "LTTE were set to get new aircraft". 23 September 2009.
    21. ^ "LTTE got most of its arms from Ukraine: Karuna". 6 November 2009.
    22. ^ "Sri Lankan president declares war 'victory'". CNN. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
    23. ^ a b "LTTE defeated; Sri Lanka liberated from terror". Ministry of Defence. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
    24. ^ a b c International Institute for Strategic Studies, Armed Conflicts Database. Archived 11 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
    25. ^ "MMP: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam".
    26. ^ "Armed Conflict Database". Archived from the original on 11 May 2006.
    27. ^ "Opposition leader rebutts [sic] Sri Lankan government claims". 26 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    28. ^ "Humanitarian Operation – Factual Analysis, July 2006 – May 2009" (PDF). Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka). 1 August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
    29. ^ a b "Sri Lankan president showers praises on the military". 26 May 2018.
    30. ^ "Sri Lanka Database – Casualties of Terrorist violence in Sri Lanka". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
    31. ^ Total Destruction of the Tamil Tigers: The Rare Victory of Sri Lanka's Long War. Pen and Sword. 19 March 2013. ISBN 9781783830749.
    32. ^ "TamilNet".
    33. ^ "Report on Sri Lanka's missing 'almost ready'". The Hindu. 31 August 2015.
    34. ^ "Economic Burden by Sending IPKF in Sri Lanka" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
    35. ^ Nakkawita, Wijitha (3 June 2009). "LTTE killing spree". Daily News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
    36. ^ "Eelam War IV: Imminent End". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
    37. ^ "Tamils mark 25-years of Tiger sacrifice" Tamilnet.
    38. ^ 4073 LTTE cadres killed in ongoing battle.
    39. ^ "LTTE leader pays homage on Heroes Day", Tamilnet
    40. ^ "Sri Lankan experience proves nothing is impossible". The Sunday Observer. 5 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
    41. ^ "Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances". www.tchr.net. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
    42. ^ "Collection of NESoHR's Human Rights Reports 2005-2009" (PDF). NESHOR. p. 659-861.
    43. ^ "Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis". BBC News. London, U.K. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    44. ^ "UN rights chief seeks sanctions against Sri Lanka generals". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    45. ^ "Open Wounds and Mounting Dangers". Human Rights Watch. New York, U.S. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    46. ^ a b "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC Australia. 20 May 2009.
    47. ^ "UN to collect evidence of alleged Sri Lanka war crimes". BBC. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
    48. ^ "Report 124 – Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process". Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    49. ^ Tramble, Rashunda (31 October 2006). "Sri Lankan talks stop on the A9 highway". International Relations and Security Network. ReliefWeb. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    50. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka". Refworld/United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. United Nations. 31 March 2011. p. 41. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    51. ^ "Sri Lanka Marks 10 Years Since Civil War's End". Voice of America. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Agence France-Presse. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    52. ^ "Sri Lanka starts count of civil war dead". Al Jazeera. Doha, Qatar. Associated Press. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    53. ^ a b "Sri Lankan forces ended LTTE civil war through 'humanitarian operation': Gotabaya". The Hindu. 19 May 2022.
    54. ^ Haviland, Charles (11 January 2011). "Sri Lanka's war panel arouses strong emotions". BBC News. London, U.K. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
    55. ^ "Tamils remember war dead in Sri Lanka". Deutsche Welle. Bonn, Germany. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
    56. ^ "TamilNet".
    57. ^ Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War https://itjpsl.com/assets/ITJP_death_toll_A4_v6.pdf
    58. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka". United Nations. November 2012. p. 14. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    59. ^ Macrae, Callum (3 September 2013). "Sri Lanka: Slaughter in the no fire zone". The Guardian. London, U.K. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    60. ^ Charbonneau, Louis (15 November 2012). "U.N. failed gravely in Sri Lanka – internal review panel". Reuters. London, U.K. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    61. ^ Hawdon, James; Ryan, John; Lucht, Marc (6 August 2014). The Causes and Consequences of Group Violence: From Bullies to Terrorists. Lexington Books. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7391-8897-2.
    62. ^ "Global Overview 2012: People internally displaced by conflict and violence – Sri Lanka". Norwegian Refugee Council/Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (NRC/IDMC). 29 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
    63. ^ Cite error: The named reference voas was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    64. ^ Cite error: The named reference tonline1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    65. ^ T. Sabaratnam, Pirapaharan, Volume 1, Introduction (2003)
    66. ^ T. Sabaratnam, Pirapaharan, Volume 1, Chapter 1: Why didn't he hit back? (2003)
    67. ^ T. Sabaratnam, Pirapaharan, Volume 2, Chapter 3: The Final Solution (2004)
    68. ^ Thottam, Jyoti (19 May 2009). "Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
    69. ^ Kearney, Robert N. (1 March 1986). "Tension and Conflict in Sri Lanka". ProQuest 1309776036. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    70. ^ "UN, aid agencies appeal for civilian protection in Sri Lanka as over 100,000 flee". UN News. 12 March 2007.
    71. ^ "Defiant Tigers cling to last bastion". 16 July 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
    72. ^ "Sri Lanka says 147 dead in recent fighting". Reuters. 15 October 2007.
    73. ^ Mahr, Krista (28 November 2013). "Sri Lanka to Start Tally of Civil-War Dead". Time.
    74. ^ "Sri Lanka PM will protect military on UN rights action". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
    75. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka" (PDF). United Nations. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
    76. ^ "Sri Lanka to refuse entry to UN investigators". www.telegraph.co.uk. 19 August 2014.
    77. ^ "Sri Lanka rejects growing calls for UN war crimes investigation". www.telegraph.co.uk. 30 January 2014.
    78. ^ "ITJP Press release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
    79. ^ International Crimes Evidence Project (ICEP) Sri Lanka, Island of impunity? Investigation into international crimes in the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war. (2014) https://piac.asn.au/2014/02/12/island-of-impunity/ p175
    80. ^ "War on the Displaced". Human Rights Watch. 19 February 2009.
    81. ^ "The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020". Harvard International Review. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
    82. ^ "The Sri Lankan Conflict". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
    83. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka" (PDF). United Nations. November 2012. p. 28. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

    Rich TVX News Network Site

    Rich TVX News Network Info

    © MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search